Shingles: What is it and how vaccinations may help

Dan Onion, MD, MPH

Mt. Vernon/Vienna Health Officer

293-2076; dkonion@gmail.com

June, 2018

Several townspeople have asked my opinion about the new herpes zoster immunization now available, so here goes!

Herpes zoster or shingles is a fairly common disease (in my full time practice of primary care, I'd see 8-10 cases a year) caused by the recrudescence of the herpes varicella/chickenpox virus years after typical childhood chickenpox with fever, painful rash and pustules. The name shingles comes from Latin and French words for belt, or girdle, from the appearance of the skin rash on the torso. Since the introduction of childhood chickenpox vaccination in the mid 1990s, many fewer children now get it. But that leaves nearly everyone born before then with the potential to develop shingles later in their lives and especially if they become immunocompromised with immunosuppressant medications like steroids or anti-cancer drugs, or from diabetes, cancer itself, or other serious illness.

Strangely, the chickenpox virus hides in the body's sensory nerves, and can much later cause a recurrence of the chickenpox-like rash with pain/itching, redness and pustules confined to the anatomic distribution of the nerve in which it had been lurking undetected and innocuously for many years. So it manifests as a day or two of pain or itching and then a relatively unimpressive rash in a patch of body skin, often the trunk or an arm, or even and dangerously the face when an eye is involved. It is almost always on one side of the body, not symmetrical. The duration of the rash is usually several weeks, worst in the first and then gradually healing; it is shortened by antiviral antibiotics if given within the first 2-3 days. However, in about 5-10% of people, the pain persists despite the rash healing, a condition called post-herpetic neuralgia. This can be devastating; these poor people have skin hypersensitivity in the now-healed skin, so even the touch of clothing causes severe pain and suffering. I had an older patient once who had had shingles on her right chest wall; she took to wearing a small dishpan under her clothes, over the neuralgic skin patch, to prevent spasms of pain caused from clothing bumping it. Her pain lasted years and never went completely away.

If adults weren't immunized as children and never had chickenpox, they can still catch it from children or even from someone with an active case of shingles. Those cases are much more serious than in children, with fatalities from viral pneumonia. There is no evidence for immunizing these adults protectively with the childhood or zoster vaccines helps.

So most people over age 30, who have had chickenpox (the vast majority), can develop shingles at any time, most commonly over age 50, with a further higher incidence progressively with aging. To prevent shingles and the rarer incidence of severe post-herpetic neuralgia, two vaccines have been developed:

1) Zostavax in the early 2000s, a live attenuated Herpes varicella virus (like less virulent cow-pox virus vaccination was used to prevent small pox). It is given in a single shot, costing about $200, over age 60 and prevents over 50% of new shingles cases and 60% of post herpetic neuralgia over the first 3 years. Thereafter that efficacy diminishes gradually over time.

2) Shingrix just recently; contains inert pieces ("recombinant subunits" produced in test tubes) of the varicella virus. It requires two shots, a month apart, costing $300, and has many more side effects of local redness, swelling and pain as well more frequent systemic fever reactions, than Zostavax. But it appears to be moderately more effective over the first 3 years studied, especially in people over age 70. And studies have shown benefit even starting at age 50. We don't know how long the protection provided by this new vaccine will last or whether it is effective in people after they have had a first episode of shingles, unlike Zostavax, which clearly does.

There are many unanswered questions here:

1) Should I get one of these vaccinations?

Answer: Yes, maybe, if you have had known chicken pox and/or are older than 30 and immunocompromised, or over 50-60.

2) Which should I get and when?

Answer: Harder question, but probably depends on your age; get one of the two vaccines by age 69-70, when your immune system is still intact, because that is when your likelihood of developing shingles later starts to rise dramatically. The new vaccine might be better if you are immunocompromised by medication-treated diabetes or other conditions since it is effective from age 50 on.

3) What if I've already had shingles once; can I get it again and if so would the vaccines help?

Answer: Yes, you can get it again, although the episode of shingles you had jazzes up your immunity for at least a year. So get one vaccine or the other about a year after your shingles to prevent more episodes.

4) Should I get a booster shot of one or the other after some years go by?

Answer: So far, research has not shown that benefit for either vaccine, probably because you've gotten older and the vaccine is less effective in people over 70-75.

5) Is it worth it?

Answer: It depends on your attitude about the odds. Since the major complication worth preventing, post herpetic neuralgia, is fairly rare, about 200 people would have to be immunized with either of these vaccines to prevent one such bad case over the first 3 years post vaccination. That's a lot of money and immunization site pain and soreness for the other 199, and #200 never knows he was the lucky one.

6) So how do I sort all this out? What would you do?

Answer: I had chicken pox as a child, memorably! So I know I've got the little buggers hiding in my pain-sensing nerves. I got a Zostavax shot 15 years ago at age 60. I may leave it at that, despite, my being on steroids for another problem, though that may impair my immunity beyond normal. Tough call, but two shots of Shingrix with some likely local pain and suffering, especially with the 2nd one, dissuade me for now. And the effectiveness of a booster with either vaccine is unclear. If I did decide to go ahead, I would choose Shingrix because it clearly is more effective in older people despite no data past the 3-year mark yet.

A good but dense summary of all these issues with medical references can be found at: http://www.rxfiles.ca/rxfiles/uploads/documents/Shingrix_QandA.pdf

Medical Probabilities Exemplified in Influenza and Car Crashes

Dan Onion, MD, MPH

Mt. Vernon/Vienna Health Officer

293-2076; dkonion@gmail.com

November, 2017

A relative told me last week that she was not going to immunize her daughter because she had read on the internet that the immunization didn't always work and had complications. Her husband, my nephew, is an anthropologist and so trained in scientific probabilities. It astounded me that he could tolerate such oversimplification of the probabilities involved here. I thought of these issues again yesterday as I got my annual influenza shot. What if I asked the medical assistant if it would work and what the complications were; what would she likely say?

Medicine, especially public health, and life for that matter, are all about probabilities carefully measured. Their accurate measurement by scientific methods are the core charge of medical research; and part of that method is the replication of results by multiple different researchers to see if those results agree consistently.

If challenged, the medical assistant giving me my flu shot (technically an influenza shot) might have answered that, yes, it would help prevent the flu, or if in a hurry, perhaps just yes. The "help prevent the flu" is the more honest answer, which at least alludes to the probabilities behind the full answer. That full answer is that a flu shot reduces the likelihood of my having a major complication of flu, especially hospitalization, secondary pneumonia, or death, not to 0% but perhaps to half or 1/4 the risk I would run had I not had the shot. Medical treatment and prevention actions are never 100% effective, but if they prevent, ameliorate or cure disease even about 10% of the time, they are usually considered worth it. In my case, I have an increased risk of flu complication because of my age (as do kids over 6 months but under 5), and so am a particularly important target for flu immunization programs. So the crucial questions, when someone tells you that they had had the shot "but still got the flu", are: "was it really the flu, not just a cold?", and most importantly, "did the flu kill you?", because half the immunized people exposed to someone with the flu still get it, but in a much milder form.

And both I and a 2-year old have special types of vaccine just for us; in the case of the 2-year old, it is a 2-shot series with split viral particles to enhance the "take" to produce more antibody; and in my case it is a 4-virus (quadrivalent with two types of A, and two types of B influenza) in contrast to the usual trivalent version, and at a double concentration because people my age respond more sluggishly to the standard dose. More than you wanted to know, but the strategy is to tailor the vaccines to the age groups to get the biggest bang for the buck.

And what about my nephew's wife's concerned about complications and adverse effects? Well, like the benefits, they are always there as a possibility. What matters is what they are and at what probability. In the case of the flu shot, the benefits are pretty good, from my perspective, if my chances of dying when I get the flu are reduced by 50% from 10% to 5% with similar reductions in the disease severity and other complications. The only real side effect is a sore arm (in about 20%) from the double dose of flu shot, which is a pretty mild downside. It is harder on patients with a rare previous neurologic infection called Guillain-Barré Syndrome. But that ain't me. So I got the shot. Other vaccines have some very rare side effects, but beware of extremist internet sites, especially those concerning the childhood vaccines, like measles, mumps, rubella, polio, chickenpox, etc. I remember all those diseases (see my " Vaccination Ruminations" piece in the newsletter, Oct-Nov, 2014); they aren't pretty, and they are dangerous.

Yet another factor in deciding about flu shots or other infectious disease immunization, is the community. If you don't get the flu (most flu shot regimens prevent flu with at least a 50% success), then you are decreasing the likelihood of spreading it to your family and friends. That's why all medical personnel are required to get the flu shot every year; they will kick me out of the hospital if I don't.

So what about the car crashes mentioned in my title? Well, look at the graph below. It shows deaths from car crashes in this country from 1900 to the present. Guess why the dramatic drop from the 1930s to now. The reduction reflects improved car and road engineering as cars evolved from wagons with motors to safety pods that travel on much safer roads at 2-3 times the speed of those early vehicles. The graph for influenza and other communicable diseases looks almost exactly the same.

Improving vaccines and motor safety methods improve outcomes, not by 100%, but by a lot, if done scientifically. It all depends on the balance between the probabilities of benefits vs the harms and the costs.

MaineCare Expansion; Signing up

Dan Onion, MD, MPH

Mt. Vernon/Vienna Health Officer

293-2076; dkonion@gmail.com

August 1, 2018

A bit of history first. The Federal Medicaid Program (called MaineCare here in Maine) was created when its enabling legislation was passed along with the better known Medicare Program in 1968, just as I was graduating from medical school. Before then, all the low-income patients I cared for as a medical student at Boston City Hospital, were dependent for free medical care at city- or county-run hospitals and their clinics, like Boston City, or community hospitals like those around us here in Mt. Vernon, all of which were committed to providing free care to those patients by acceptance of hospital construction monies dispensed through the Federal Hill-Burton program. All 3 Federal programs continue to this day.

More recently, the Federal Affordable Care Act (politicized by calling it "Obama Care", by many), created two new programs: an expansion of Medicaid to include adults under 65 with current annual incomes of less than $16,754 for individuals, $22,715 for couples, and $34,638 for families of 4 (see full tables below), and a "Market Place" where low-income individuals and families with incomes above those and up to 175% of poverty levels could buy Federally subsidized (discounted premiums) full insurance coverage. Over 70,000 people in Maine are getting their insurance through the latter program now but, because the governor has repeatedly vetoed the Medicaid expansion proposals in the name of saving Maine's 10% cost to do so, Maine people who would be eligible, are now left without access to MaineCare coverage. Nearly 2/3 states in the US are participating. Right now Maine income tax dollars are going for supporting the program in those other states but not here.

Annual Income Federal poverty upper limits

Monthly Income Federal poverty upper limits

Having cared for low-income families and studied the impact on their health if they are without insurance (see Mt Vernon Newsletter, October 2017, p5)) for my entire professional life as well as my work as president of Neighbors Driving Neighbors and as town health officer for Mt. Vernon/Vienna, I know how crucial such coverage is if these folks are to be able to find work, care for their children, and remain productive members of our communities. The children are particularly important. 15-20% of children in Maine are now born into such low-income families! The future of Maine will depend on these kids being healthy and succeeding. They can't do that very easily without their and their parents' health! I don't see anything controversial about such a position. As health officer for the town, I want to do anything I can to help that hole in our population's health insurance coverage for those under 65 who are between 100-138% of Federal poverty guidelines.

Maine passed the Medicaid expansion referendum last November with over 60% of the vote. I helped get signatures to support that. Now I'd like to help any Mt. Vernon resident who fits in that category to sign up for Maine Medicaid (MaineCare). If you are not sure, ask me to help you figure it out. As many may know, the legal team at Maine Equal Justice Partners (MEJP) has taken the governor to court to implement the law as passed. It is going to happen sometime within the next year. Those who apply now will get coverage for medical expenses retroactive to the date of their application. So applying now makes sense. In the meantime, those with other insurance coverage should not cancel that insurance until this comes through.

To learn if you are eligible and how to enroll, go to MEJP at: http://mejp.org/content/medicaid-mainecare-expansion-guide, or call 1-866-626-7059.

Or contact me at dkonion@gmail.com, or 293-2076.

About the Influenza Epidemic: Many of You Need to Help Yourselves, Your Family and the Community Right Now. Here’s How.

Dan Onion, MD, MPH

Mt. Vernon/Vienna Health Officer

293-2076; dkonion@gmail.com

February 2018

People, people, people, many of you I meet are giving up about surviving the influenza epidemic we are in the midst of right now. That’s crazy; please don't!  We’ve got several kinds of arrows in our quiver to help us and ours survive if we are smart enough to use multiple strategies at once, as we do with other complicated challenges.

Please start by going back and reading my piece last November 2017 in the town newsletter, Medical Probabilities Exemplified in Influenza and Car Crashes. It is on p10 though the index in front says p9; go back and read those details; they are important. I explain the presence and impact of probabilities of influenza vaccine on the spread and effect of a “flu” epidemic in our community. It never is all or nothing!  I hate the way the media emphasize one artificial number, “the effectiveness” of the vaccine. I am not even sure how they compute that one number, but it isn’t the whole story and it seems to encourage people to give up. The number they are disseminating now is "30% effective". That should mean that of 100 people, who are exposed to the flu by breathing the viruses into their nose and lungs, 70 will get the flu while 30 won’t. But those aren’t bad odds to start with. We take what we can get and then go from there. So, if you got a flu shot, you are right now that far ahead of your neighbor who didn’t. What they don’t tell you clearly enough, is that of the 70 who get the flu, those who have had a flu shot, nearly all have a better time of it with less severe illness, fewer complications, and not being so sick they are hospitalized or die. Yes, influenza can be a fatal disease and is proving itself to be right now in Maine!

Yesterday I talked about influenza with three people. One, a 70-something friend and carpenter, told me he never got flu shots, didn’t believe in them, and wasn’t getting one despite having had severe pneumonia last year in that milder flu epidemic even though he still had left over lung damage and shortness of breath from it. He, of all people, needs a leg up on this year; I begged him to get the shot. Then there was a young woman grocery clerk with a clearly sputum-producing cough, repeatedly turning to cough away from her customers. Now it could be she just had bronchitis from being a smoker, but that would be unusual at her age and in the midst of a flu epidemic. I bet she had an early influenza infection and will get sicker. Coughing in the other direction simply spread the virus more widely; she should be taught how to effectively cover her mouth with her elbow and/or wear an effective mask, or go home until better. Her employer has a responsibility to have effective education to make this happen. Unfortunately, the Maine Center for Disease Control (CDC), which tries to do that education, has had its budget cut to the bone; and Congress let the national CDC shut down during the budget fight. So we may be on our own. The 3rd example was a mother of a 1-year old who didn’t “believe in” flu shots for her kid. My God folks, this isn’t a belief issue; it’s the science that got us to the moon, dropped mortality rates in this country so most of us get to see age 75 now, and redesigned cars and roads so motor vehicle deaths have plummeted over the last 50 years!

First, you’ve got to understand and recognize two things:

•What influenza is and what it is not. It is not simply a cold with sore throat and temperature under 100 degrees and the person still able to function. Nor is it predominantly nausea, vomiting and diarrhea from gut germs, and which we also call “flu.” Rather, it is a specific viral infection of the lung itself, caused by several related influenza viruses which characteristically change their protein coats as they rip through the population each year. That way people, who have previously been infected, have less resistance because the blue coat antibody (antibodies are the swords our blood cell soldiers use) their body produced by infection with the blue coats last year don’t work as well against the red and purple coats the little devils have switched to. Still, they do work some in slowing down the severity of the resulting illness.

•The vaccine immunizes against 4 different types of influenza viruses this year (that’s what “quadrivalent” means) because these sneaky devils run in packs. Each of those shot elements have varying efficacy. But again, you take what help you can get, and shouldn't let the perfect be the enemy of the good. We have designer vaccines with higher doses for older people, many times also now on immune-suppressant drugs for our chronic diseases like me, and who are harder to make immune, so we need double doses of the vaccine at a time. Childhood vaccines under age 2 are similarly specific to that age group. Get a flu shot now, if you haven’t already this fall or this month. This epidemic is going to go on until spring, April or even May, guaranteed. They all peak in late March with the maximal snow depth no matter the year.

Second, recognize and know about the 3 ways people get sick with the flu and how to take care of them.

•Super sick fast patients: these are usually young people over 4 but under 40, mostly teenagers and young adults with young families of their own, kids often bring it home from school, who haven’t seen as many winters as us oldies and thus have a narrower spectrum of past body experience with the shifting devils. They get sick one night with chills, sometimes but not always have a fever over 101, become prostrate within hours, always have cough, which may not produce sputum; their lungs “white out” (fill with fluid) by X-ray, they often get confused, turn blue and will/can die within hours, often overnight. If you see these signs, get to an emergency room ASAP, do not delay!! Rare but extremely dangerous, the ones you hear about on TV right here in Maine now.

•Then there is another other group with delayed symptoms, especially in the young and old patients, who get the flu with fever over 101, productive cough, feel rotten all over, may have some vomiting, rarely diarrhea, who are having bad influenza that then allows a secondary bacterial pneumonia to grow in the lung mess the flu made. They start to get better after 3-5 days then relapse back with high fever, get sicker again, with more cough, more sputum, if they are strong enough to produce it, and can die in a few more days if not diagnosed and treated with bacterial antibiotics. They go to the ER as soon as that bounce back to bad happens

•Finally, for the rest of the population, with sore throat, fever chills the next day, feel lousy, try to work still, which exposes more friends and neighbors, then gradually improve over a week and get back in the saddle.

Third, there are effective medical interventions that work and help those in the 2nd and 3rd bullet groups. You can prepare for using them by asking your doctor or nurse to consider giving you a written prescription for oseltamivir (Tamiflu) 75 mg to have on hand to fill if you get sick.  You take this twice a day for 14 days and start within the first 48 hours of classic symptoms of the real flu. Many clinicians will want to test a throat swab before prescribing Tamiflu but when the epidemic gets bad, most will figure hoof beats mean horses and do it even over the phone if your case sounds good enough. Also, by taking Tamiflu when you have been exposed to someone living in your house with influenza, one pill a day for 7 days can decrease the likelihood you get it and certainly reduce the rate of complications.

And finally, think of your family, friends and neighbors. Don’t work or visit with them if you can help it, when you are sick. Not 100% effective because you are spreading the virus a couple days before you get really sick, but still can help others.

That’s all: Get a flu shot now if you have not. Avoid people sick with the real flu if you can. Know the 3 different patterns of illness when you or family get it. And be prepared to soften the blow with Tamiflu.

Aging In Place

from

September, 2018

by George Smith and Dan Onion

Dan: George, I know from your recent columns that you are very interested in “aging-in-place” issues for both personal and public reasons. I’d like to hear a little more about why and how because as the health officer for both your and my adjacent towns and a boarded geriatric physician, I too have been been working on ways to help seniors stay here in their homes and among their friends and acquaintances. Tell me what you’ve been doing.

George: Our rural communities are full of old folks, so that is a new and important focus for many of us, including those of us working on a new comprehensive plan for Mount Vernon. A group recently formed a committee to work on initiatives for the elderly. Townspeople appropriated $1000 at the June town meeting for this new initiative. A few of us attended an AARP seminar on their programs for the elderly and were very impressed. Mount Vernon will be applying to join the AARP project soon. 200 towns are already participating in the AARP initiative that is called Building an Age-Friendly Community.

Dan: I’ve been working for the past 3 ½ years to establish a volunteer transportation system in our 2 towns and 3 contiguous ones. Four years ago, Sandy Wright and I happened to have coffee together at the Mt Vernon community center, where she told me that transportation solutions for seniors, who had had to retire from driving were the number one concern of a senior gathering at the local school. From there, she and I recruited a group of interested townsfolk, studied the issue, did some surveys of our seniors, and obtained a Maine Community Foundation 1-year planning grant. That grant let us pull together some focus groups to define the problem and explore some possible solutions, as well as hire Jo Cooper and a colleague from Ellsworth to consult with us about our plan. Jo has been a running service there for nearly 20 years. And, by the way, you probably know her brother Matt Dunlap, the secretary of state, who thereby is in charge of the Bureau of Motor Vehicles. Having served as chair of the BMV medical advisory committee for 5 years in the recent past, I know how interested they are in finding ways to help those whose health requires them to retire from driving themselves.

  Out of that planning arose Neighbors Driving Neighbors, our 5-town volunteer driving service, which has now, after 2 ½ years has given over 1000 rides to local residents, mostly seniors who can no longer drive. Starting with about 20 drivers, we now have over 45 volunteer drivers. A couple startup grants from the Bingham Betterment Fund and the Bingham Program got us going and we now seem able to survive with donations and charitable contributions from individuals and local businesses. Two part-time, very modestly paid local contracted coordinators field the ride requests and find driver matches. We are now giving about 40 rides a month, and last summer gave over 60. Initially most rides were for medical appointments, but we’ve been able to grow the percentage for other social activities up to nearly 50%.  Both are important, we think.

George: Neighbors Driving Neighbors is a great project, and I thank all who are participating, especially you and Sandy. And yes, Matt Dunlap is a good friend of mine. AARP offers community challenge grants to create vibrant public places, and we hope to get a grant for our library, where we hope the addition will become just that – a vibrant public place – for all members of our towns, from kids to senior citizens.

Dan: I never realized, until I got old myself, how complicated it is to plan for contingencies. When will I need driving help. When with housecleaning? When with plowing? When with meals. Can I stay in my house, etc.? And how do I keep up with friends and find new ones as others pass on or move away? I admire your planning and think your example and explicit reporting are helpful to many. In the old days, and occasionally still, multiple generations living in the same or nearby houses made all these choices much easier, but such arrangements are getting rarer, with smaller families, and adult children having to move out of state to find work. Strong, innovative communities seem to find a way to broaden support beyond immediate family members, as I see with Neighbors Driving Neighbors. Ours is one such community to be proud of.

George: One project that we need to tackle comes from the Red Cross. A local volunteer comes to your home to check on your smoke detectors, and they replace them if that is needed.  Both Wayne and Readfield participate in AARP’s program. I have friends who volunteer for Readfield’s Handy Helpers project, ready to help with things like moving furniture or taking things down from high shelves. With my illness of ALS, I must say it is wonderful to live in such a caring community, where many have volunteered to help Linda and me whenever we need help. Four friends came all winter to help Linda shovel. We are blessed.

From Mt. Vernon/Vienna Health Officer

293-2076; dkonion@gmail.com

Flu shots and other adult immunizations

“Tis the season” to get flu shots and while you are at it, consider other immunizations you and your family may also need.

First, a brief reminder about flu shots. Influenza is an upper (bad colds) and lower respiratory (pneumonias) tract viral infection. It is not a gastro-intestinal infection, although we colloquially say someone with vomiting and diarrhea has “flu” as well; they are not the same infections. Influenza changes its stripes (surface protein antigens) nearly every year, thereby being able to re-infect people who have had flu in previous years. In adults the vaccine is given intramuscularly, or less effectively, beneath the skin, subcutaneously, if anticoagulants might cause too much muscle bleeding. It is a killed vaccine, meaning there are no live virus particles in it, only dead viral cells and bits. Those bits induce your body to make antibodies, circulating influenza virus bullets, over the 2-3 weeks after the shot, so viruses entering your body thereafter are mowed down in large numbers, though not 100%. A few get through and may still cause illness, albeit milder. Children over 2 can get a live virus vaccine in nose drops.

The best way to treat this common disease is to boost your immunity with a flu shot, so you don’t catch it or get only a mild case. The vaccine is reformulated each year, usually with 2 influenza type A variants and one type B by the US Centers for Disease Control, which bases what they tell manufacturers to put in the vaccine on their best guess of which sub-types are around and most infective. The vaccine is egg-based, so the rare person who is truly egg protein allergic (I’ve never met one), can’t take the shot and must use alternatives. Most of us do fine, suffering at most a mildly sore arm. Many claim to have “gotten the flu from the shot,” but this is not possible. Most, I think, are describing a brief aching from the body’s healing up the injection site. Adults and children over 8 need only one dose each year. Children over 6 months and under 8 need a series of 2 shots (or nasal drops if over age 2) at least a month apart if they have never had a flu shot before or have been 2 or more years without one. No immunizations for kids under 6 months; they will have some immunity from their mother still on board from placental transfer and hopefully the family who hugs them all get their flu shots.

The vaccines do work but certainly don’t always prevent infection; in fact you still have a 75% chance of getting influenza, if exposed, even though you’ve gotten a flu shot. But your chances of being so sick you can’t work are reduced to only 60% of what it would have been if you hadn’t had it, because the shot moderates the symptoms. It works even better in the elderly, young, chronically ill (asthma, emphysema, and diabetes) because those groups get much sicker without the shot.

Flu shots cost from $7 in public clinics and some doctor offices, up to $20 at some pharmacies.

And while you are getting your flu shot, consider getting other shots that might make you and your family live longer and/or more comfortably.

First, the combined tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis (whooping cough) killed vaccines as Tdap, where the T indicates an adult dose of killed tetanus cells, the “d” an adequate adult dose of killed diphtheria cells, and the “ap” stands for acellular pertussis proteins without whole dead cells, which cause more side effects. The capital and lower case letters indicate vaccine dose sizes. The disease tetanus, from anaerobic (don’t need oxygen) bacteria that live in dirt, is very rare, <500 cases/yr in the US, but often fatal (60% mortality). The vaccine works extremely well, so it’s crazy not to have a booster every 10 years when your immunity begins to fade. Diphtheria is more prevalent than tetanus but still rare. It used to wipe out whole families before the antibiotic era. Now it’s seen mainly in the alcoholic homeless population. But it is often given with tetanus to try to keep it at bay from everyone. And finally the whooping cough vaccine is important, less for the adults but crucial for infants under 2 years old and to a lesser extent, the elderly, who can also die from it. And we are in the midst of a huge whooping cough epidemic here in Maine right now because our immunity rates have declined. They have declined because many people, especially adults, are not getting boosters, and because the new acellular pertussis vaccine immunity lasts less long, though it has fewer side effects; it replaced the older more potent mercury-preserved cellular dpT. So adults should get a Tdap if they’ve never had an acellular pertussis shot before to protect their very young and old family members and friends, and then a Td subsequently at 10 year intervals. Cost should be similar to the flu shot.

Two other shots are important for older adults. Most important is the Pneumovax shot against pneumococcal pneumonia. People under age 65 need one if they have bad asthma, lung disease, diabetes, or other chronic debilitating disease. All of us need at least one shot soon after age 65, before our ability to respond to it diminishes in our 70s and 80s. Cost is $50-$75. A varicella zoster (the chicken pox/shingles virus) immunization soon after age 60 can diminish the severity and incidence of shingles, which happens more often and causes greater chronic pain in the elderly. Cost should be around $200.

And that’s all, unless you plan to travel to exotic places. Then you should check out travel immunization recommendations for the countries you are visiting at the Center for Disease Control’s very helpful website (http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/).

Dan Onion, MD, MPH

Vienna Health Officer

dkonion@gmail.com

293-2076

9/19/13

Vaping

What is it? Risks/Benefits?

Dan Onion, MD, MPH

Mt. Vernon/Vienna Health Officer

293-2076; dkonion@gmail.com

January 2019

Devices to deliver heated solutions of liquid nicotine ("e-juice”), mixed usually in propylene glycol or glycerol, have become popular. They are in the form of "pens" which have a reservoir for the nicotine, a heating element to vaporize it, and a battery to do the heating. They thus produce a nicotine-saturated vapor, which is inhaled, hence "vaping". At least 13-15% of adults have now tried this new way to rapidly absorb nicotine into the blood stream, usually not to feed their nicotine addiction but to help them stop old fashioned "burn" cigarettes and thus avoid the 1000s of bioactive chemicals therein, which cause various cancers (lung, head and neck, bladder) as well as ischemic heart disease. Studies so far suggest that there may be some marginal health benefit when these devices are used alone to assist adult smoking cessation as long as they are not used with a few conventional cigarettes daily.  However, public health research shows that most people end up using the two together, and thus suffer the worst of both. Smoking cessation is more safely and reliably accomplished with nicotine patches, gum, or other proven medications, along with group or counselling support (see Vienna Newsletter, Feb-Mar, 2014: p6). Nobody yet knows if passive exposure from "nicotine vapers" is a significant risk to others nearby as it is for cigarettes. The adverse effects of vaping are only beginning to be understood, not surprisingly, since it took us 50 years to prove definitively the bad things smoking tobacco causes.

There are many proven as well as potential dangers to vaping. First, the rechargeable batteries can explode and burn, causing bad burns to the face or inside the pocket they are carried in. Nicotine causes faster heart beats and sometimes arrhythmias like atrial tachycardias or fibrillation. And nicotine itself is of course addicting and thus can prompt withdrawal symptoms, which often lead to higher use and/or use with regular cigarettes. Because the heat vaporized glycerol or propylene glycol liquid nicotine mix produces propylene oxide, formaldehyde, and acetylaldehyde, all known cancer-causing chemicals, most researchers expect that eventually we will see higher cancer rates in chronic or past users. Finally, some of the flavorings, especially sweet and cinnamon ones, added to attract new users to vaped nicotine mixes, break down, when heated, into diacetyl and benzaldehyde, compounds known to irritate the respiratory tract and thus can cause chronic bronchitis.

A second group of accidental or intentional users of vaped nicotine, are children and young adults respectively. The latter are now higher users than adults above age 25; surveys in 2015 reported that 15% of 11th graders had tried vaping nicotine. Nicotine impedes brain as well as global body development in the fetus if the pregnant mom uses either conventional tobacco or vaped nicotine. Accidental nicotine liquid exposure in young children from their eating, inhaling, or getting it on their skin or eyes, is just as bad as their eating real cigarettes; together both are responsible for 1000s of poison control center calls annually in the US. Over half of all such calls for nicotine liquid exposure are in this young age group; many are fatal. In teenagers and young adults up to age 25, studies show impaired judgment and other brain function maturation, and higher addiction rates to nicotine and other substances over time with chronic use. Unfortunately, there are few controls on use by these more vulnerable age groups. I went on Amazon today and could have bought all the equipment and supplies to get started myself for under $50. It's the wild west out there.

Finally, it's not just nicotine that can be used in these vaping devices. Inhaling caffeine and various vitamins this way, judging from the Amazon displays, is popular. Like the liquid nicotine, no one knows the long-term effects of sucking small particles of known and unknown substances into the lungs, but scarring and other damage seems likely over time. Lung replacements come hard. And, of course, liquid marijuana infusions can be taken this way too with rapid and extensive absorption; that too has similar bad effects on brain maturation in the young adult population.

So, my advice is: be cautious, read the surgeon general's report on vaping (https://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/); don't vape when pregnant; keep nicotine out of reach of young children; talk about the potential dangers with your teenage and young-adult kids and grandkids. Only opiates and alcohol use present a greater danger to them. I'm sure that someday we'll look back and say, "why didn't people realize this could happen and do something!"

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Merry Dumpster Report

Vienna's total 2018 trash disposal was 205.4 tons; we recycled 82.3ton, which is a total of curbside pickup, recyclable drop off at the transfer station, and our bulky pick up days. These tonnage figures do not include the Universal waste which is also considered toward our recycling percentage. In 2017 our percentage reported to the State was 36.18%; we do not have the 2018 percentage at the time of this report.

Some specific items that we recycled as part of the Bulky Pickup which also includes Universal Waste:

• 10 tons metal
• 45 television
• 10 computers, monitors, printers
• 9.7 tons tires

In the middle of November 2018 Vienna changed from separated recyclable material to single-stream recycling. It is absolutely essential that the rules be followed for what can and can't be recycled. The recycling is being picked up by Riverside Recycling, is taken to Norridgewock Land Fill, and from there EcoMaine Recycling is picking it up. Every load is inspected as it is dumped at Norridgewock and the WHOLE load will be rejected if there is any unacceptable material in the load (and it will become trash). We are still recycling the same materials: paper, glass, cardboard, metal, plastic (not plastic film/bags or styrofoam)

In order to avoid having all of Vienna's recycling rejected, the Riverside Disposal drivers will now check as they pick up the recycling. The drivers are very accommodating, but they can't empty individual plastic bags into the truck. This may result in them not taking an individual's recycling if it contains unacceptable materials. They will leave an OOPS! flyer that explains what is unacceptable. The major problems they have seen are plastic bags and Styrofoam. Please remember:

ABSOLUTELY NO PLASTIC BAGS or FILM or BUBBLEWRAP

(such as SaranWrap®, shrink wrap) – ONLY HARD PLASTIC BUT NO STYROFOAM

Once we get used to the rules, the single stream recycling will make it easier to recycle. EcoMaine has a great tool to answer specific questions about what can and can't be recycled. Here is the link to it: ecomaine.org/recyclopedia

There are three curbside Bulky Pick Up days every year. Universal Waste (batteries, florescent tubes, mercury items, computers, televisions, electronics, and printers) are collected on the bulky days; for 2019 the dates are: Mary 13, July 22, and October 14.

Vienna has done a great job in the past and the Merry Dumpsters thank all the loyal recyclers and composters.

Repectfully submitted

Hillary Hutton and Muffy Floyd